What to make of the economy, interest rates, house prices and debt

Here are the facts at this moment in time: The growth of the Canadian economy continues to struggle in the wake of lower oil prices and a dropping loonie. 

Interest rates are at historic lows. The Bank of Canada’s prime interest rate is now at .75%. The prime lending rate for consumers is 2.85%. Five-year fixed mortgage rates are between 2.64% and 2.79%. Five-year variable rates range from 2.15% to 2.3%.

House prices have spiked in a few hot spots across the country — most notably Toronto and Vancouver where prices have risen 10% and 11% respectively  — which is skewing the national average.

Household debt is sitting at 163.3% as a percentage of disposable income according to Statistic Canada's recent report -- only marginally lower than the record 163.9% ratio the agency reported in the fourth quarter of 2014.

Should Canadians be concerned about their jobs? Will interest rates start to rise soon? Will there be a housing meltdown? Is household debt out-of-control?

Let’s see. The Bank of Canada’s (BoC) Governor Stephen Poloz, in his latest statement, was clear about one thing — he was confident that the regulatory changes to mortgage lending was working and those taking on mortgages were able to pay them. So, as far as interest rates, it’s pretty safe to say, barring any major economic upheaval, that low interest rates are here to stay until the economy starts to grow.

The Chair of the US Federal Reserve Janet Yellen announced recently that interest rate hikes are coming. Yellen said if the American recovery continues, rates with rise this year. As the US economy starts to pick up steam, then Canada’s economy will likely follow. 

At this time consumers are taking advantage of low rates to pay down mortgage debt. A recent survey by Manulife Bank of Canada found that 40% of homeowners are starting to pay off their mortgages ahead of schedule. Manulife found that 18% made extra lump-sum payments in the past year, while 17%  increased their regular payments which reduces amortization. Another five per cent did both.

The annual survey of home buying habits by the Canadian Association of Accredited Mortgage Professionals (CAAMP) finds the same thing. CAAMP found that  first-time buyers are, on average, putting 21% down and expect to tighten up amortization periods from 25 years to 20 by increasing their payments.

If Poloz was truly concerned about debt then raising interest rates would quickly nip that worry. But raising interest rates would not help what Poloz sees as a bigger concern —  weak exports and business spending. Basically, Canada’s economy is stagnant. What the BoC does monitor closely is the rate of inflation, which it aims to keep between 1% and 3%. If it starts to edge closer to the 3% rate, then we can expect some changes. The current inflation rate is hovering around the 2% mark. 

House price increases may still be a concern; however, there is evidence that prices are stabilizing. According to the Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA) only half of Canadian provinces can expect house prices to increase.

Canada Mortgage and Hosing Corporation (CMC) recently reported that while there are some concerns about overheated regional markets, the overall national risk remains low.

While newspaper headlines tend to be somewhat controversial, the reality is that many Canadians are getting better educated financially,  are putting themselves in stronger financial positions and are more resilient to whatever is happening in the country.

The Growth of the Canadian Economy

When Bank of Canada (BoC) Governor Stephen Poloz lowered the prime interest rate to .75% earlier this year in response to what he called the “effects of the oil shock” it came as a surprise to economic pundits and economists alike. Many thought the central bank would hold off on moving the rate until late 2015 or early 2016, with the next adjustment expected to be a hike.

"We have an oil-price shock, which will reduce the income flowing into Canada and lead probably to some increase in unemployment overall," Poloz said.

Until the “oil shock”, Canada seemed to be headed for some post-recession growth. Still, Poloz said he was encouraged by signs of economic life, particularly in Canada's non-energy sector, thanks to a low loonie and strong U.S. growth.

Yet, we still hear about housing bubbles and overvalued real estate. It’s true that house prices in many markets are on the upswing especially in the country’s two hottest markets -- Vancouver and Toronto.

However, the Spring market has turned out to be surprisingly strong and ReMax revised its house price projections upward last week citing high consumer confidence and low inventory. There are even bidding wars in some markets surrounding the “Big Two” – like Hamilton and Barrie in Ontario and in Victoria B.C.  And while in Calgary, the housing slump is evident (oil shock fallout), the Edmonton market is showing resilience.

There was talk that Poloz might lower the prime interest rate again, which did not happen. Poloz said the January interest rate cut was enough to support the nation’s economy as it recovers from the slump in oil prices. Total inflation is at 1%, reflecting the drop in consumer energy prices. Core inflation has remained close to 2%.

So what does that all mean for the Canadian housing market? At this time, little of what has occurred has had an adverse affect on the housing market in most areas of the country. Is there a housing bubble? Well, we have been hearing about a potential housing crash since 2010 – if it was going to happen, it likely would have happened by now.

During these past four years, the government has imposed tighter restrictions to mortgage qualifications and mortgage products, which have altered the lending landscape, and which appear to have prevented a housing collapse. As always, there will be doomsayers.

A better thought is to look at all the positives in the economy starting with the latest Bloomberg Nanos Canadian Confidence Index. According to the results of its recent telephone poll, Canadians are optimistic about real estate, with consumer confidence the highest it’s been in three months. Homeowners are more confident than renters.

When we review the recent federal budget, there are more positive signs for housing and the economy. For one, it was a balanced budget and the government is projecting a surplus of $1.4 billion dollars. Seniors get a new tax credit for home improvements to improve accessibility. Small business gets a tax rate drop to 9% from 11% over the next four years. Manufacturers get a tax break. And the budget held off on any new measures to cool housing.

“There has been an appropriate and desirable moderation in housing activity in most regional markets across Canada. Toronto and Vancouver, in contrast, have continued to experience periods of strong sales and price growth, with housing market strength in these cities supported by such factors as population growth and land scarcity,” according to the budget.

This, despite the fact that household debt levels have reached record levels, again.

Also, when we look at the news coming out of some key sectors, this is what we find:

•  Real gross domestic product (GDP) by industry increased in every province and territory except New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador and Yukon in 2014. Nationally, real GDP by industry rose 2.4% in 2014. (Stats Canada)

• Employment increased by 29,000 in March. The unemployment rate was unchanged at 6.8%.

• Oil prices are showing signs of improvement and so is the loonie. (Stats Canada)

•  Average wages have grown by 2% over the past twelve months, which means that incomes are rising a little faster than the average price growth, as measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPIP), which stood at 1% in February. While not spectacular, this signals a small expansion in the purchasing power of the average Canadian worker. (TMG’s David Larock: http://www.movesmartly.com/2015/04/how-will-the-latest-employment-data-affect-canadian-mortgage-rates-april-13-2015.html )

• Canadian housing starts rose much more sharply than expected in March as groundbreaking on new condominiums and apartments in urban areas surged 48.2%. (CMHC)

•  A robust U.S. economy will ensure that slow growth will not be Canada’s new normal (Fraser Institute)

All of this good news in the Canadian economy trumps the small news and makes Canada a growing, stable economy that can weather short term fluctuations for a strong and prosperous future.